Representative Suits (Order 1 Rule 8 CPC)
Introduction A representative suit is a special type of suit in which one or more persons are authorized to represent the interest of all individuals or a group of people…
Suits Against Government & Public Officers
Introduction Suits against the Government and public officers are governed by various legal principles and procedures under the Civil Procedure Code (CPC). Such suits involve legal actions taken against the…
Summary Suits (Order 37 CPC)
Introduction A Summary Suit is a procedure under the Civil Procedure Code (CPC), introduced under Order 37, which is designed to provide a quicker and more streamlined process for the…
Temporary & Permanent Injunctions Under CPC
Introduction An Injunction is a court order requiring a party to do or refrain from doing a specific act. Injunctions are often used to preserve the status quo during the…
Interlocutory Applications Under CPC
Introduction An Interlocutory Application (IA) is a legal term referring to an application made to a court during the pendency of a case that seeks an interim or provisional order.…
Discovery & Inspection Under CPC
Introduction In civil litigation, parties need access to relevant documents and information held by the opposite party to strengthen their case. The process of obtaining such information is known as…
Appearance & Non-Appearance of Parties Under CPC
Introduction In a civil suit, both the plaintiff and defendant must appear before the court when required. The appearance ensures that the trial proceeds smoothly and that both sides get…
Framing of Issues Under CPC
Introduction In a civil suit, the court must decide the questions of law and fact that are in dispute between the parties. This process is known as Framing of Issues,…
Written Statement & Set-Off Under CPC
Introduction A Written Statement is a formal response filed by the defendant to the plaint of the plaintiff in a civil suit. Order 8 of the Civil Procedure Code (CPC),…
Pleadings & Amendments Under CPC
Introduction to Pleadings Pleadings are the written statements filed by the parties in a civil suit that set out their claims and defenses. The Civil Procedure Code (CPC), 1908, defines…